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Shortcut keys help provide an easier and
usually quicker method of navigating and using computer software
programs. Shortcut keys are commonly accessed by using the Alt key (on IBM compatible computers), command key (on Apple computers), Ctrl key, or Shift key in conjunction with another
key. The de facto standard for listing a shortcut is listing the modifier key, a plus symbol,
and another key. In other words, "ALT+S" is telling you to press
the Alt key and while continuing to hold the Alt key, press the S key
to perform the shortcut.
In addition to the shortcuts listed on this page, users can find the shortcut keys to their most popular program by looking for underlined
letters in their menus. For example, the picture to the right has an
underline on the "F" in File, which means you can press the Alt key and F
to access the File menu.
Note: Some programs
require the user
to press and hold Alt to see the underlined characters. Finally,
as can also be seen, some of the common features such as Open (Ctrl+O)
and Save (Ctrl+S) have shortcut keys assigned to them.
As you begin to memorize shortcut keys, you'll
notice that many applications share the same shortcut keys. We have the
most commonly shared shortcut keys in the below basic PC shortcut keys section.
Tip: Users outside the United States or users using a foreign copy of a
Microsoft Windows or Microsoft application may not be able to get all
the below shortcut keys to perform the function listed.
Basic PC shortcut keys
Below is a list of some of the most commonly used basic
shortcut keys that will work with almost all IBM compatible computers and
software programs. It is highly recommended that all users keep a good
reference of these shortcut keys or try to memorize them. Doing so will dramatically increase your productivity.
Shortcut Keys
Description
Alt + F
File menu options in current program.
Alt + E
Edit options in current program
Alt + Tab
Switch between open programs
F1
Universal Help in almost every Windows program.
F2
Rename a selected file
F5
Refresh the current program window
Ctrl + N
Create a new, blank document in some software programs
Ctrl + O
Open a file in current software program
Ctrl + A
Select all text.
Ctrl + B
Change selected text to be Bold
Ctrl + I
Change selected text to be in Italics
Ctrl + U
Change selected text to be Underlined
Ctrl + F
Open find window for current document or window.
Ctrl + S
Save current document file.
Ctrl + X
Cut selected item.
Shift + Del
Cut selected item.
Ctrl + C
Copy selected item.
Ctrl + Ins
Copy selected item
Ctrl + V
Paste
Shift + Ins
Paste
Ctrl + K
Insert hyperlink for selected text
Ctrl + P
Print the current page or document.
Home
Goes to beginning of current line.
Ctrl + Home
Goes to beginning of document.
End
Goes to end of current line.
Ctrl + End
Goes to end of document.
Shift + Home
Highlights from current position to beginning of line.
Shift + End
Highlights from current position to end of line.
Ctrl + Left arrow
Moves one word to the left at a time.
Ctrl + Right arrow
Moves one word to the right at a time.
Ctrl + Esc
Opens the
START menu
Ctrl + Shift + Esc
Opens Windows Task Manager
Alt + F4
Close the currently active program
Alt + Enter
Open the Properties for the selected item (file, folder, shortcut, etc.)
PC shortcut keys for Special Characters
There are many special characters that can be created
using keyboard shortcuts. Below are some of the more common and popular
special characters and the keyboard shortcuts to create them.
Do you know how to sell yourself in interview? Have you found
yourself freezing up? Have you ever had a question where you have not
been able to work out what the interviewer was asking – or you could
give an answer, but didn’t know if it was the right one? Here are my top
10 interview tips for this month. As someone said on Twitter, these are
not rocket science, but really timely reminders of the basics:
1) Research the organization:
Everyone gets nervous in interview. It’s a big occasion and you
should be nervous. However if you start with some thorough research, you
start to build a case in your own mind of why you should be sitting in
that interview room or in front of a panel. Having some confidence is a
solid first step to overcoming nerves.
You can actually tell a lot about an employer from the employment
pages of their website. Things such as the values they have, how easy it
is to find out about potential jobs and their responses to you when you
apply, can all tell you about the way they handle their recruitment.
This in turn may be a reflection of what it’s like to work there. If
it’s friendly and easy to apply for a job, then chances are they have
given some thought to why you would want to work for them.
The web is a such wealth of facts, but what you need to do, is turn
this into information. You can look at annual reports, media releases
and product and service information. Online directories have company
information and Google indexes the latest media news and references from
other sources. If a career page has an email contact for an employee,
and invites contact, then do it. Often companies will use testimonials
that way to attract new people. Use sites such as linked in to research
companies.
When you look for this information, you are not just looking for a
set of unrelated facts. You should be looking for reasons that you want
to work for that employer. You’ll really impress the interviewer if you
find some simple yet compelling reasons as to why you want to work for
the employer and what appeals to you about the role.
2) Research the role:
One thing that constantly surprises me is that how few people really
have any understanding of the role that they are applying for. Job
advertisements are partly to blame for this. They are often misleading.
The person writing the advert is often not the person that you’ll be
reporting to. Things always sound different on paper compared to what
you will actually be doing in the role.
One of my clients recently applied for a job in the public sector. The position description said:
Building effective communication strategies with a
variety of stakeholders and colleagues to ensure information exchanges
are timely, accurate and useful.
This is what this statement meant:
Providing advice to staff and students on the status of their research applications.
If you see something like the above, try to talk to someone who knows
about the role. A good question to ask is “what does a typical day/week
look like?” Once you know what’s expected of you, preparing for the
interview is instantly easier.
Also important is a real insight into the role and the recruitment
process. Dig deeper than the advertisement. Put a call through if a
contact number is provided. You can find out which of the skills that
the employer requires are actually the priority. You can determine what
you can do without and importantly you can start to make yourself known
(in a good way) to your future employer. Even if the advertisement
doesn’t invite it, you can still contact the recruiter. If there are no
contact details, be scrupulously polite, it usually means the employers
are expecting a deluge of applications.
Ask them questions about the recruitment process, what the steps are,
how long each step takes, and whether they’ve had many applicants.
You’d be surprised at the information you’ll receive if you sound polite
and interested.
3) Research yourself:
Employers want you to be self aware. Have a long hard look at what
you have achieved, the way you have achieved that result and the skills
you developed or demonstrated along the way.
This type of reflection helps you understand your strengths. It gives you confidence and helps you overcome nerves.
4) Interviewer insight:
No two interview processes are the same. Depending on the
organization and the role, you could be interviewed by a recruitment
consultant, the HR department, the line manager, all three individually,
or any combination. Each will have a different agenda for the
interview. This is important to remember as your approach with each
should be slightly different.
The recruitment consultant is always the first screener. Their role
is to match you to the employer’s requirements and sell you as an
applicant. The consultant establishes their credibility with each good
candidate they put forward to the employer. Take time to woo them, even
if you think they don’t know their stuff (as is a common criticism).
Their role is essentially a sales one: to sell you the job and, if they
believe you are right for the role, to sell you to their client. Make
the consultant’s role easier by focussing on your strengths and
achievements and point out why you are a good match.
The HR consultant is usually the recruitment procedural expert. One
of their jobs is to ensure the organization meets its legal
requirements. They often set up the recruitment process and have a
strong attachment to ensuring it is working. It’s a safe bet that you
will face a more structured interview from them, than you will from a
line manager. They are often the employer’s first screener and may need
to sell you further, depending on their position and influence within
the organisation.
The line manager will be the person who is most concerned about
finding someone for the role. They may be a person down or not meeting
their organisation’s objectives by being understaffed. In the interview
it will be the line manager who has the greatest sense of urgency about
filling the role. Focus on your workplace achievements when fielding
their questions. Work hard to build a rapport with them. They will be
assessing your fit for their team.
It may sound obvious but treat each interviewer as if they don’t talk
to each other and know anything about you. You’d be amazed at how
little communication sometimes goes on between each party.
5) Practice:
Most organizations now use behavioural questions – which means they
will be expecting you to provide specific examples of where you have
demonstrated the skill they are seeking.
I strongly suggest practicing for an interview and seeking
professional help. A professional is skilled at drawing examples out of
you and finessing the ones you already have. However never rote learn
your lines as you can never predict all the recruiter will ask.
Memorising answers will make you stressed in the interview if you can’t
recall what you want to say. Worse still, you may even be not be
answering the questions the interviewer asks.
6) Build rapport:
Be friendly. People like that!
One of the best ways to relax is to assume the interviewer is on your
side. Good interviewers are not interested in tripping you up. In fact,
most of them are on your side, or are at the very least they will be
approaching the interview in a professional manner. It may even help to
you to relax if you think of the interviewer as someone who wants you to
do your best
7) Give yourself time:
Leave plenty of time to get to the interview. Rushing breeds panic.
No matter what excuse you have, lateness is noted. It creates a negative
impression and it puts you behind immediately. Allowing waiting time
for an interview gives you time to compose yourself, gather your
thoughts and be mentally prepared.
8) Please be yourself:
That is please be yourself. You will be doing yourself no favours if
you try and suppress your personality, or pretend to be something that
you aren’t.
While you think this may be the perfect job for you, it may be that
it’s not. There are other jobs out there. If you keep this in mind then
you’ll remove some pressure from yourself that this is your only chance
to perform.
If you think the interview is going badly, relax and use it as
practice for the next one. You never know, you could even recover if you
take this approach.
10) An insider’s tip:
The interview is just the formal means of assessing your suitability
as a candidate. However you are not just assessed there. Each
interaction you have with your future employer feeds into the bigger
picture of their impression of you. Use this knowledge. Be polite and
friendly with whomever you meet in the process from the very first phone
call to the last goodbye to the receptionist on your way out.
Interviews can be daunting. Please contact me if you need some help
putting it all into practice or just some extra advice. Here’s another
blatant plug. When it comes to interview skills, practice with a
professional does make perfect
If
you want to make money through social media, then Facebook is
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what you have to promote. In this
Tutorial How to set up and optimise your home network
Running a home network is pretty essential in this day and age.
Thankfully,
modern hardware and software has reduced the complexities of
configuring networks down to a few setup screens, and the relevant
hardware often comes free with an internet connection.
If you
have multiple computers, the chances are they're already talking to each
other, either through wires or wirelessly. However, while your home
network might be up and running, optimising it takes some doing. Follow
our simple tips to extract the last drop of juice from your network
hardware. 1. Change channel number
Wireless
routers operate on a fixed channel. Since most routers ship with a
pre-selected channel, the wireless signal may interfere with other
routers in the vicinity that are operating on the same channel.
Changing the wireless channel from the factory default is a good starting point if your wireless signal strength is poor. 2. Give the router space to breathe
The
biggest advantage of a wireless router is that it can penetrate doors
and walls – but that doesn't mean you can just stuff it next to a wall
or cordless telephone, or use it as a stand for your stack of DVDs.
Treat it with respect.
Try to keep it in a central location,
away from other wireless devices; make sure it's not in direct sunlight;
lift it off the carpet; and ensure its vents and air holes aren't
covered. 3. Improve reception
Try as
you might, you'll find it's sometimes not possible to put the router in a
good spot. One way around the problem is to buy a router with multiple
antennas and point them in a variety of directions covering your home.
Alternatively,
if you've already got a router, check whether it's possible to upgrade
its antennas to something stronger. However, don't get disheartened if
your router doesn't have any antennas. A wireless repeater compatible
with your router is a perfect solution. 4. Use WEP
Running
an unsecured network will earn you brownie points from neighbours and
hackers with cars, but that's about it. Wireless routers support a
variety of encryption methods, such as WPA and WEP, but these aren't
enabled by default.
WPA2 is the most secure method at the
moment, but before deciding on an encryption method, make sure your
network cards and adapters support it as well. Bear in mind that older
machines – and games consoles such as the Nintendo DS – don't support
WPA. 5. Restrict access to specific PCs
If you really don't want to use encryption, you can force your router
to only connect to specific PCs. Your router identifies each computer by
the unique MAC address of its network gear. Feed it a list of MAC
addresses to connect to and you save yourself the trouble of entering a
password each time you log in.
The disadvantage is that you'll
have to add the MAC address of any new computer before it can get on
your network – which is probably a more annoying way of getting things
done. 6. Disable SSID broadcast
All
wireless routers have a Service Set Identifier (SSID) that identifies
them to network computers. Routers from the same manufacturer generally
ship with the same SSID; 'Netgear' or 'Cisco', for example.
You
should first change the SSID to something unique to set your router
apart from those of your neighbours. Then, once all your hardware has
been set up, it's better to turn off broadcasting the SSID altogether.
This ensures your router isn't displayed in the list of available
networks, and won't be a target for potential hackers. 7. Keep the firmware updated
Router
manufacturers keep working on firmware, even after hardware has been
shipped. In addition to tweaks in the user interface, new versions might
make better use of the various components in the router, or add extra
features.
Just like with an
operating system, it's a good idea to upgrade the firmware of the router
regularly – check the manufacturer's website for a new version. In the
good old days, there was the risk of a botched firmware upgrade bricking
your router, but it's a lot safer today. 8. Familiarise yourself with the router manager
All
routers ship with a browser based manager. To use many of the tips in
this article, you'll have to log in to this interface – try typing
192.168.1.1 into your web browser for the most common location.
It's
a good idea to familiarise yourself with the various options and
settings you can tweak from within this software. Many routers also have
detailed documentation that's updated regularly, so hunt out the latest
manual online. 9. Check your connections
There's
nothing more irritating than receiving a 'cannot connect to remote
machine' error. To ensure a solid connection, use Ethernet cables where
possible. It's also a good idea to check the connection between the two
PCs with the ping command.
To do this, simply open a command
line and type, for instance, ping 192.168.1.2. You'll need to replace
the address given here with that of your target machine. Ping works
identically on Windows, Mac and Linux. 10. Forward ports
Many
servers and applications – for example, file-sharing software, FTP
servers and music-streaming servers – need to serve people outside the
network. These applications accept connections on specific ports.
With
port forwarding – check your router's interface – you can poke holes in
your router and ask it to direct incoming traffic on a particular port
(or, if you wish, a range of ports) to a specific computer that's on the
network. 11. Change DNS providers
DNS is what fetches you a website by translating the human-friendly address, such as www.pcplus.co.uk,
into a bunch of machine-friendly numbers. It also displays the '404
page not found' error, corrects misspelt URLs and finds the fastest
route to a web server that hosts the site you want to visit, along with
lots of other cool things.
Generally, it's up to the ISP to put
up a DNS server. However, there are other free services as well,
including the likes of OpenDNS and Google Public DNS. 12. Use USB adapters
These
days, it's difficult to find a laptop or netbook without a built-in
wireless module, but if you've used one, you'll know that they can't
always be relied upon. Network cards with antennas are the best option,
but they're really only suitable for desktops.
If you really
need both mobility and assurance, make sure you get a USB adapter. Most
of them ship with a Windows driver, but many work out-of-the-box on
Linux as well. 13. Enable Dynamic DNS
The
Dynamic DNS feature enables you to connect to your computer remotely.
Back in the day, when real-estate on the web was expensive, it was a
wonderful option to show off your HTML skills and host your own website.
Now, by associating your dynamic IP address with a domain name,
DDNS enables you to connect to the internet-exposed home computer from
anywhere in the world. In addition to enabling the feature on your
router, you'll also have to register with a dynamic DNS provider, such
as DynDNS.org. 14. Save power with Wake-on-LAN
What's
the point of keeping a print server on when there's nothing to print?
The smart way to save energy is to use the Wake-on- LAN feature of the
network card. Thanks to this, you can put the machine to sleep after
it's been configured to wake upon detecting network activity. 15. Encrypt your online activity
With
the range of snooping tools now available, it isn't safe to do anything
online without covering your footprints. There are lots of tools that
promise to encrypt your online activity, making it completely
unintelligible to anyone who might be listening in.
Some of the best ones to try are the Enigmail plug-in for Thunderbird, Psi for Google Talk and FireGPG, available for Gmail. 16. Get a Firewall distro
You
can configure a firewall on a Windows or Linux machine, and there are
also a bunch of third-party software firewalls available. However,
building a firewall isn't easy. If you're serious about putting one up,
download a dedicated firewall distro, such as Ebox. 17. Install the software
Ebox
is distributed as a Live CD ISO and there are VirtualBox/VMWare images
as well. It's based on Ubuntu Server 8.04. You can also pull in Ebox
packages to a standard Ubuntu Server 10.04 installation. 18. Configure settings
Ebox
can be adapted flexibly to your network. You can use it to restrict
services that can be accessed and slice the network to keep some areas
more secure than others. The distro runs a browser-based interface for
adding, removing and configuring the components. 19. Filter content
Besides
the firewall, intrusion detection (via Snort) and filtering content
(via DansGuardian) are two other highlights of the distro. DansGuardian
can also plug into the ClamAV antivirus scanner and filter content based
on known virus signatures. 20. Exploit other features
In
case you're still not satisfied, Ebox can also act as a gateway and
provide a host of other services. It bundles various applications that
enable you to turn your network into a VPN, host XMPP chat sessions or
run a Postfix mail server, a Squid web proxy and more. 21. Turn on UPnP
Universal
Plug and Play helps smart devices that support UPnP to discover each
other without any user intervention. Once turned on from within your
router, UPnP enables a compatible infrared device, a Bluetooth phone or a
FireWire camera to see and talk to each other. 22. Write files remotely
The
most logical use of a network is to share files. This is the job of the
SMB protocol. Thanks to it, you'll be able to write files to a remote
network share via Network Neighbourhood. On Linux, the SMB protocol is
implemented by Samba. 23. Share printers remotely
In
addition to sharing files, SMB can be used to share printers attached
to a Windows machine. Once configured via the Windows Control Panel, a
printer can be used to accept print orders or even be managed from a
remote machine, irrespective of its operating system. 24. Format shareable partitions as FAT
PCs
running Windows can easily see each other and share files. For Linux or
Mac machines, ensure the partitions are formatted with the FAT
filesystem. Create them as Samba shares and they'll show up under
Network Neighbourhood. 25. Plug in USB drives
Once,
if you wanted to share files on the network, a
network-attached-storage, or NAS, device was the best bet. Not any more.
New routers enable you to plug in one or more USB devices that are
automatically accessible by all the users connected to the router
If webmasters want to monetize their
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